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  (IWE 1.08-1 - Figure 29: Welding voltage and welding current for different shielding gases) Above photo is an example to determine welding parameter with variant shielding gas. Example 1: 145A, 22V, 100% CO2 Example 2: 190A, 24V, 100% CO2 Example 1: 250A, 28V, 100% CO2 You are so referred to other shielding gas and variant welding parameter in IWE handbook -Module 1.08-1:2018 edition.

🔧 1. Joint Detail and Fit-Up Tolerances in WPS 🔹 Clause 5.21.4.1 – Fit-Up Tolerance Requirements Fit-up tolerances for groove weld assemblies are critical and must be addressed in the WPS. Refer to: Figure 5.3 a, b, c – Different fit-up types (with/without backing, with/without backgouging) Tolerance parameters include : Root opening (often ±1.6 mm / ±1/16 in.) Root face Groove angle Alignment/mismatch (hi-lo) ⚠️ Out-of-tolerance fit-up (e.g., root opening > 20 mm) is not allowed unless qualified by a PQR — especially for PJP groove welds , where excessive root gap is a nonessential variable turning essential . 📐 2. Essential Variables in WPS (Clause 4 and Table 4.5) ✅ Table 4.5, Line 31 – Groove Type Change in groove type (e.g., single-V → double-V) requires requalification , unless: It’s a CJP groove weld meeting Clause 3.12, 3.13 (prequalified) or Clause 9.10, 9.11 (tubular connections). Then, any groove detail conforming to those figures (e....